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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
8 m8 [: B& Z& j, A% zBoy Induced by Indirect Topical. Q2 Q" l, c& F
Exposure to Testosterone: [' Q8 M0 |8 i7 c
Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
0 m1 O( u) l3 N2 Z- A0 W1 W, ~and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1. O" D7 Q. h! m: q# c( P
Clinical Pediatrics
9 ?! W- B8 k3 o8 h& T' z V! o( m- iVolume 46 Number 62 F6 d+ c6 a3 c
July 2007 540-543
5 H( d! x7 J" I) A© 2007 Sage Publications* b' X3 v$ I6 \: n- V+ q7 e
10.1177/0009922806296651
, J: A' N$ ^( [$ Ihttp://clp.sagepub.com
/ h. [: C( ~9 m+ R: l0 s- fhosted at
X2 Z k% C" s, l5 \9 Bhttp://online.sagepub.com0 V* n( v' o% B. {& _, i, v$ U7 [
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,
# ~ k7 E) M- S8 |5 L# ]' `6 H; Fis a significant concern for physicians. Central
& e; _/ a' m& f; oprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated: G, W0 h# y5 j6 {9 f7 U- h7 M
through the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has4 |$ {; `6 I6 g8 u* S
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
) u7 u1 I0 I& O z* ?% {$ U6 d7 tlesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
: p9 A6 \, Q3 \6 d& ?, Mby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic7 {( M" @; o6 m! o T U
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-& C, N8 ~3 z1 i
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
6 V/ F) t5 G7 k, C% F, h) H# W! qreport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
9 u& H! M+ m( M0 i- Wenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
7 N7 k& K, h; K* xment without testicular enlargement, which was due
5 S/ q3 H; t gto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
5 b" x* q k& D- ~the father. The family initially concealed this infor-
, u9 o1 |. `" S" o9 O2 J( jmation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
+ S: a, K0 D: echild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
) \2 m: e0 I1 @- Otestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-0 b7 o5 _. \9 y+ d3 L. I) j i- D
bly more common than the rare case report in the
4 E0 R3 p9 H5 H* ^5 Aliterature.48 V" M2 L% X3 h$ a/ e+ E
Patient Report
- e0 }7 t j5 c# iA 16-month-old white child was referred to the
' [1 H9 B& i# H5 L( Y) Kendocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern8 a" M5 k+ g8 @* S. ?
of early sexual development. His mother noticed# U& q, I% R4 Y/ b
light colored pubic hair development when he was
( K& t+ ?: x1 c! ?! I2 F3 g* CFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
5 e) \6 Y! e; N$ V5 }, [South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 x8 W6 `& P' |7 ^; G" u7 dAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,0 A/ |/ c4 e5 s# |2 K
Professor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
# x- U- m) [' q, {- GMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;
* t7 Y/ Z& T# J$ ee-mail: [email protected].# F ^8 Z# N8 }, B. I; h& S
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became! C6 T, F F9 W- Q s
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-& e0 P4 X# P( N( j
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child# ^! Z; F0 g7 x' g1 q! y9 K& ?3 u. k
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
, ?0 I! h% q, I' J7 L- Ya birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of
. k g7 h9 M5 D# Q0 _20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year- P3 k6 w) z6 G; ?1 P: ?/ @
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
- T, U9 I8 n2 q- A4 _0 |. fsolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,$ z+ [- Y1 l7 U" D* H
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
) k1 J3 D# Y* b7 K+ K/ J5 i: @was age appropriate.
( J Y7 v d* m6 K" I9 ]2 s6 w+ J' WThe family history was remarkable for the father,
! r; L# @ G) }who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,: r x: q. M' C% F# r7 R
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s# s7 V2 R5 ~0 _% T$ N& |( T/ z
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat
+ Y E- t. q% h+ @# Q. Aearly puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
( I0 m& G1 } G* | jThe father denied taking any other medication. The% M* v! w, r4 `, ?5 w8 w A
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
+ M& m! |& b, g& r5 F) `was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
" m+ [, F) @0 l1 _) I( z5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
5 b' d( J, n6 P$ A$ Scocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-
3 w4 f! C4 M) f* stives. There were no siblings.
2 ]! |4 M. y8 r# s" {Physical Examination
7 b7 ?, a- _9 h, ]3 Q1 w9 jThe physical examination revealed a very active,
% z9 I6 F A+ _4 }" hplayful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
2 N& F: L0 s: h7 Y$ w; I& B9 Ha blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
/ T5 r; j" X* z( [& {90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
( t% s0 P: a4 a( i) [6 Y(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth# g8 H- Q1 K$ B5 X n) ?/ Q
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
( r1 I- P M8 L$ X4 Tthe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.
& x, F( T. ^7 Y2 C2 PThe genitourinary examination was remarkable for
3 i3 e/ D: S; m: S0 ienlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of5 _- w+ }) e8 ^! f- [$ X. }
8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well, b/ q0 e" [$ L( |
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around, j1 N) {& o! X7 C5 O
5401 ]2 U5 J" ^, R3 w( ^
at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from5 c* V$ S$ R. b
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
0 P' I' G; q/ ^9 Q5 |testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
+ w6 D/ h' R) \4 p% G$ C2 CThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat
o' S7 O0 R" L( X3 Voily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no
) m j# E8 H! }4 Habnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.4 O& h9 @- f2 M! m
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
) ]7 Q2 i$ A3 q [. Q, S8 Abilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
* E" a L' t% f- U; S# ^of papilledema.
5 o& H' r+ B! Z% w6 v/ P8 XLaboratory Evaluation/ P2 F. a' b9 P. C' }/ H/ M
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
( h0 m# @2 p |. qusing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
1 a3 E$ s& N: f* f- F$ m' l* j- \logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal
% b2 b; J) P( E# xkaryotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
1 u. e2 ^9 l& t! j* ]5 jshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-
0 B9 a3 w4 N% N1 A' ?lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).; x6 L% y( ^. \# |
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood
- k& y9 N& t# V% Xurea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were
9 C0 ?/ @5 `; G4 uwithin normal range for his age. The concentration
9 Y+ M4 j- |" Dof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
! W3 ~3 c j) l$ p" H(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20/ h, f$ E% E* u& P' ~5 p
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
7 h# e% ~4 U& Q8 `9 mterone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),4 i6 B0 D' u3 x4 c( d
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to" z. Q& b# Z# b( c# [7 g2 z
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)+ v7 ^' s- R- V q3 U/ j: q
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-# `4 }0 h: ?4 _* D3 ]
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
: x1 z+ Z' H5 X" \* Vtestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; J# f3 x+ p& j7 D8 r
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than6 ^& u% q- W0 u, R1 X1 h
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular7 _+ t8 \9 N+ T
stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone" i/ c4 {. r8 I& x! E$ j
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL
, b, z! v8 Q" F; W(prepubertal). u+ ~& i& K" R. O
The parents were notified about the laboratory' p9 \/ M2 }4 x. m5 M
results and were informed that all of the tests were0 ~" z2 W& S# V" B; n6 S* r Z
normal except the testosterone level was high. The; M0 d7 |8 W s# x" A' y$ A
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to
+ o) H) R2 O0 E3 c+ a# \) V( g _4 ?obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-+ \( D* {. U e) N' q' F
ever, the family did not return for 4 months.
5 L1 ^5 P5 @0 y! q) I: S0 {Physical examination at this time revealed that the0 i4 S6 I% `, L. g# B' V& R8 |
child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained
# z6 @7 f# s' w3 s1 ?" G" q" _+ W2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
7 D6 c2 p8 z: T% G2 U4 j* ^unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-; U& ~7 ]4 \+ c8 h9 `& r3 t
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at' L3 R1 e% C- Y0 J: e+ Q! W: [3 y. m
the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
) I8 G6 b5 ]% m0 z7 PmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
4 r" g Q" @2 Z5 eThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-( ^+ y# L6 p, M% _! D" T, `! i
ing frequent erections.
' f* e+ f% k& E6 H8 TBoth parents were again questioned about use of, d. a m3 i6 Q- B" ~
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to
$ Y& V7 T0 D. i* B: b5 Ythe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the8 f9 x0 A" T5 e9 G
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 A! |+ i& f/ }
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
|$ X; O5 @6 A$ Ping over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for4 W% m* }5 O9 [3 U
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed7 f; s. ^: k4 f- C
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre- g# T. }+ a1 @& O- R4 l
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido3 |7 }( N! H a
secondary to depression.
: j- J( d8 B0 g" d, f' QThe child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 D! B" I% K8 n0 R3 ~* _3 f: {% QThe father would hug the baby and hold him on his
0 ^" K1 p6 }7 T/ d! f/ _chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
' Y) d) A {9 ?# znificant bare skin contact between baby and father.
7 w6 U8 h& x9 S/ _The father also admitted that after the phone call,
, q9 Q2 k# p* Wwhen he learned the testosterone level in the baby i9 R3 Z5 u* G' j2 @ q- M' M! D
was high, he then read the product information: t" C- J# ]% v- a" L: O
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
. Y9 e. \: m, p3 p# e% Hson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they( x) ]. j( b% b- b- c
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the% Z! [# e" A: n, |8 a
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
, @$ d* n6 O" H1 D; d5 nbeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
1 f) l; M, f2 Q' G7 T, `* N, stest was ordered, but the family did not go to the2 c: b! C$ Y% W1 Y, I
laboratory to obtain the test.
* L- T- S" }' k3 E' J8 c2 LDiscussion
" K+ ~0 @' q$ J; n; vPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary- x9 Y. S; }8 m; s% W' C
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,48 o4 ^( r/ |! U$ h/ u) x0 C
Precocious puberty is termed as central (true) when8 V. v1 C2 M, D* N; a( m f
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-/ P6 u- T8 J3 \ Y( D) H$ |" f7 _
thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-: Z" J$ |: {$ c8 s5 `
mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
8 [6 W1 U0 f! l- V+ [may have a central nervous system lesion that is
, b, |. ^- j+ a' ^2 h( ~% v8 ~3 Y3 z. wresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& ~& M q3 k! w1 Q7 L. Uamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-4 S' M) g8 v/ Y5 }3 T1 {/ ]( L9 x) Z
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in G9 ^5 t; ^1 Y: O
boys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-8 X8 ~8 o. S( d/ b/ O7 B, A# x
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-
. l' u8 K! k5 B5 e; q8 Qrical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by8 M9 i- c% I2 N
gonadotropins.1,3: b9 Q- c' r. y
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-
( k5 Y0 l5 u( ~$ ^; m) F9 e0 dcious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ s( k/ j& N& G8 [) c
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
0 E+ b8 Q! x2 Q( n6 [exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
! C: R& o. k; G" `" o' `( b! R& nulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing" H, E5 x8 m( {( m; q& m I
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive8 J( B) I0 |. g, n" b
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
4 Z5 @, q. \1 O9 f# _% R& j7 L2 `puberty in boys.3,4
/ z- c* l5 N! G) v& \The most common form of congenital adrenal/ u% _! ], \( G7 \" {. A8 ^5 ~
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
2 b( i3 s# e' N8 ?: ^/ fThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
6 A) w% \8 ~8 f; m& X+ Nexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,( h- x+ R# u2 r5 h: h% e( _! c
an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
9 `/ [- T. I1 v1 L' N$ R! b7 vexcess.1,3
4 p; e& i. j6 g2 y4 C6 Jat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
7 J+ R9 {4 v6 p( {0 r542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 20074 _$ k/ m2 E$ ?$ _" m
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
# @5 G' |! N7 s+ j8 I2 Lindependent precocious puberty, which is also known6 q; `! x" d/ |- B" [2 A8 F; d
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a
' ?) q: ]4 M! d# yvery young age. The physical findings in these boys
( H7 @/ @6 ]' n( T' \with this disorder are full pubertal development,
9 e3 ^) z3 c* I7 C1 R$ W! sincluding bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys
x* z+ w4 t( P# v s. n4 g$ Dwith CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder4 R+ i" L6 o) k) J7 f
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
4 ?+ h( y. x$ p" n% Npubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-
/ a }4 }' @7 Z6 e( yreleasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
- P0 {8 S/ K dautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
3 s; S3 R- C. `( g1 H* ~males; therefore, other male members of the family7 D# k. [1 P) b* w( R( B$ M' ]8 Z6 n
may have similar precocious puberty.30 s+ j) H0 |7 w0 h' X8 N6 a' _6 w
In our patient, physical examination was incon-
6 S* w! p* A) P/ P) B, xsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-
0 ?* ?- k# q. q- e3 N( O6 T$ E% zcles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis; {6 c* S1 y2 W. _6 x$ l5 f
was in the differential diagnosis because his father+ E; M# [3 u4 G
started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,. k1 q y5 i" K! I; M3 ~
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the4 [' w; ^4 X& X, `4 B& v0 z2 ]
beginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-" O. |# y5 W- ~8 ?( n! p8 w
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our D, a: M" \( H
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,; L) m3 d7 F# |
either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase* W4 N: o9 E. G A9 u& ^+ j: I
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-# S- M1 \+ \; {5 R L
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
! d& C1 R: Y7 l% L1 k$ BThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly4 U) l( a( e% h, H/ }, ]: @. ?( V# w
suspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 p2 }- I/ @/ C# @ P5 Jthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
+ q$ R% p8 J( g' gpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and, c9 t3 o3 U0 z
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
2 G# x' G- r6 W& qterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- e# O+ O* Z, Z% O0 N4 U& ~
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’
- S, Z7 K* n) @9 P; p1 B/ uDesk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
2 N# Q8 M# p, {# Q# Q& u7 ecream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to) m- y" M; ` V Q" ^
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.; Y2 c5 _0 i7 A) W! w
Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
9 i! \& W. f* X' J/ G9 @baseline value in those females who were exposed to w+ X u! R5 j9 h1 P2 m3 s
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
I3 ~( `9 r; lpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-/ r1 D2 }! x: m# |' E" t
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.4 A: b+ D8 T0 _* K
Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
n, V0 y9 E8 }& _. ewhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
7 L3 t9 ], s) i$ ^" u' Udermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-/ f, q6 ?9 Y1 K3 ]9 i! z$ {
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
* t, M- I$ l8 a. cactive in young children exposed to testosterone- t0 I. }/ K: ?
exogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
& I+ j1 [2 X: d7 q% g U- jdrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to" V4 n, s# t: ]4 h
virilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in# T# [ `) w/ r6 r5 z6 t* X
children results in an increase in growth velocity and% p+ }3 s G% M( [' z4 Q
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient.0 @; w6 j+ g6 I$ L- Y0 b
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
+ e# l1 u0 m/ {2 Y4 Gearly childhood on pubertal development and final
8 [' h. B# Y4 P9 Y9 ~9 R3 _adult height are not fully known and always remain
( ~" c8 O# v1 s M' W7 A& c( p0 La concern. Children treated with short-term testos-
* K: e# V$ d5 k# I- O- zterone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some3 ?9 ]4 D; G1 R; U7 H
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
2 m( J. Y* n* n- X. m$ n' Z- E0 Ncessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation0 `/ v) J9 Z, r3 Q
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,9
! v6 r6 z S9 C7 U+ FThere are conflicting reports and controversy, z/ [% d7 h3 Q
over the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
: z6 P& U# H5 B& G& rpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal
0 g1 d) ^% \3 E! i% w' z$ v, V9 ]$ Vadult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
8 J. ?% w h+ o% Y: C6 lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
6 u/ U4 Z; ]) O- q+ B; Z$ OSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between+ d* L: U7 S3 X% w5 W" { b
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult3 v. N" z6 u+ Q% V! \2 Q
penile length in clinical studies.
) p& a" Z% a; i# k$ X/ M5 V& INonetheless, we do not believe our patient is" u% n' L/ k q0 t* x
going to experience any of the untoward effects from) c# S: j+ X: M* l. r5 T, C
testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because
. j( A1 q9 q& j) Z/ cthe exposure was not for a prolonged period of time. }+ u$ N0 F4 @! i" |
Although the bone age was advanced at the time of
7 c2 l5 v, Z; \" U! \% F# ^% Adiagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at! i5 V" H5 a, U% y3 Q
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult! Z- C Z, n1 p. I5 j
height will not be affected.0 w+ j5 j. b7 I1 D0 d; b
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-. L- C& _. c6 |; Z% C; @
ability of androgen products in our society may- l, G9 }9 V8 u' p) {4 U
indeed cause more virilization in male or female
8 N# g2 h! G( K7 a5 jchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro- [+ n+ K) ~5 o5 N$ r. S. K% E, p. l
gen products must be considered and specific ques-5 }) h& n0 d _( E( W# S; O' L
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or7 m! ]+ M x. J1 B. D
gel should be asked of the family members during
) N4 v# o: g' w. b( ]0 d9 I$ ithe evaluation of any children who present with vir-' }. f! `( H7 O) O7 d
ilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
4 x/ k( K9 Y! |1 xnosis can be established by just a few tests and by4 g' w' o* H! C5 g
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a4 a+ Z# ~' U' _0 U
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
* G" G# F/ s* L9 S# l+ \result in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive9 _5 w0 y% A5 R$ B. u1 v
investigation. The primary care physician should be) ?2 Y/ C! k" F2 m8 j
aware of this fact, because most of these children+ ~1 _. D) D A7 B' V
may initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
, V- Z0 M; ~4 U+ iDesk Reference and package insert should also put a$ t% I# [. d, K
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
4 d$ A1 c2 X, z1 s7 tfemale child who might come in contact with some-
1 i* _2 s6 F4 ]/ z/ _2 \one using any of these products.
) }% a# A7 p6 R M" x0 V# e; fReferences( h. u3 Y- W( a0 o- h- W
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
' b1 H/ ~ ?9 Eand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric0 u+ M' H) ?/ K1 K5 A
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders; q+ [: H# V! |8 W: Q& K: @7 D4 N# R7 U
2002: 565-628.
8 I' n$ H; U, O6 F2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious" M7 C" I# [, q0 ~, P; y
puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal |
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