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Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old
6 R# S5 `( G; }) T% }Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
: B. F& F! @6 s* tExposure to Testosterone
$ a& U% V; x% |' G$ h: ASamar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2
: H3 q4 x9 @6 K. }7 C2 yand Kenneth R. Rettig, MD16 D- D3 ~; M+ ^( X, a# f8 N
Clinical Pediatrics# p; Q1 g1 `2 M  n/ A' A' ^
Volume 46 Number 6
2 R/ J/ D' n2 ]3 Z. qJuly 2007 540-543
7 I4 {0 p! W) Q: }© 2007 Sage Publications+ \5 k! V! R# T( t
10.1177/0009922806296651
; ]0 j$ x4 F1 \; Q2 `' yhttp://clp.sagepub.com" a% A6 _, u! \3 B. H
hosted at# j3 {. ~9 J* G
http://online.sagepub.com1 b) r6 \( n3 t/ E+ o
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,5 z+ x, y4 j1 l# t
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
* L, L/ b, z  J# q: a& u7 [8 N9 _precocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
8 M( Y0 T+ K/ a. [9 Jthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has7 {) z6 A5 N1 i" ?5 _1 e
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system
  P7 U9 P1 l2 H0 y( G( p+ Ilesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested+ ^4 u" L4 m! k/ X% P
by enlargement of the penis, development of pubic
4 n; r* s, J( W) f. Lhair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-% z' r# H9 D. X; i: `
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We
8 m6 |4 N% d! H/ x8 v' Z- treport a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
; y0 a" d4 X, B7 B9 [7 t) Uenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-
& y6 _4 l' ]  Ument without testicular enlargement, which was due: Q6 Q7 D% E/ c% y7 E& ]/ B
to the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
7 Q" R, E! n* v5 a) _the father. The family initially concealed this infor-' v- W  t2 |& A5 y& k8 N
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this0 x* P& a6 e9 @0 |; |- B9 A) l" Z
child. Given the widespread and easy availability of& h$ ^3 j, ~" p8 b8 C3 A! o
testosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-3 V4 t9 o2 ^' Q5 @6 z
bly more common than the rare case report in the
: e" E& H. j' x6 E: Vliterature.4
( |2 H+ N* y* \0 bPatient Report
( K' R1 f6 \1 |/ w/ d) t; m+ SA 16-month-old white child was referred to the4 d* J! f" d8 U6 Y4 }
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern0 ~. t9 `: K8 |
of early sexual development. His mother noticed
2 W% P3 s, |9 U* Ilight colored pubic hair development when he was. j/ W* k9 r  b$ i9 k+ `$ I
From the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of
- E9 e( P2 F. ]. W1 j0 RSouth Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
, X' U7 O; j* O& m6 q8 ?Address correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
; z: f4 W' ], F& d- PProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
) h( r% e$ q- qMedicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;( K) k& j3 b' f
e-mail: [email protected].0 Q  T0 v# n4 C: |2 f+ i% A( y
about 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became: `2 t1 O4 z1 Q3 s. M* R. E+ P
darker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-
; ^, K6 `$ R0 c( S1 |ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child
9 c; I# U3 w4 d6 uwas the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
' ?0 W. ]6 \& ?" N' P# Na birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of5 r2 J  @" O+ M$ b" s5 ]
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year5 m5 V+ R& s/ F0 J5 }) P, A: Y& a
of life and was still receiving breast milk along with
2 y: @8 @; S- K- H6 ssolid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,0 C6 A: a' |: P) n! o' w# J
and his psychosocial and psychomotor development5 q& D- p) ^4 e9 ~3 M% B
was age appropriate.9 M: H4 M( H2 C2 s. o6 U+ Q2 e
The family history was remarkable for the father,
! }! ?$ w& ~! `  ^1 @who was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,
) X# u1 \* p0 J6 u  gwhich was treated with thyroxine. The father’s, f  t# H% A1 w
height was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat( P; q0 p# A9 D% o* `- O1 o
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.
6 [, l" X2 Q5 r& R0 X( J9 S9 CThe father denied taking any other medication. The/ d# L1 ]" s5 x7 k5 R; p
child’s mother was in good health. Her menarche
9 z9 w! Y6 B* r; F$ Rwas at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
; |' b% _: ?7 W5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-
" E% K& }& Z1 r: v1 Hcocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-" d. @  T2 t* Y1 F# j
tives. There were no siblings.: L8 t) T8 C! I: ?) ]9 Z& A# h
Physical Examination5 G* S' p) Z, p* q* J; k6 n1 [
The physical examination revealed a very active,) \/ `, v1 p% Z8 y6 t* n
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented+ k+ O- V$ n0 q" c  s' u
a blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was, K. M+ @2 d0 A6 ?' ^
90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
: w  X* s0 o# {(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth
+ o0 q4 K  [5 I4 e1 vvelocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of
5 U6 ?$ j/ S+ O. C, G6 m3 X/ Ithe neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.2 D/ H4 h4 B8 t% Z6 u
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for
  `0 N7 K7 ?* Ienlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
3 ^( E4 V) U9 }9 M8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well7 Q9 X7 |+ c& p# C! X: R9 _8 c
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around0 I, H; ?. O! g$ V4 c  Q
540
; f: Q- @5 _9 h6 _* }, ?6 t2 iat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
+ B/ Z% k* n6 C; dthe base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
$ g3 _; @( [3 B1 f. s3 stesticular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.6 Q3 T' r# t+ V  U5 C$ S
The skin was moist and smooth and somewhat. f, d6 a+ C# t! X
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no' Y2 ~' m* p, y' f, M0 K* z/ W
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.
: J3 Y7 O  E1 a4 CNeurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+
( u3 i3 ]' U7 P5 _+ S3 Hbilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
+ E9 K3 Z. O8 ?of papilledema.+ v9 a9 m/ u  R
Laboratory Evaluation+ @/ H% i, a# e0 G2 o$ T
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by! a* k0 _8 K) \
using the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-
" }: V2 u% J$ K$ nlogic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal/ S$ ~6 v6 V5 g& C
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
2 O/ ?8 Z; d; Ushowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-( u8 i2 P& A! [6 F) H, o9 p9 u
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).
' t% Q) }% u8 I0 U) F7 x% ^The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood" ~7 x3 ]; K0 e6 m
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were0 @. y* F) t% K* D+ R" P0 X
within normal range for his age. The concentration" G, m! k8 H+ w" X4 v3 G9 s
of serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
2 A6 R6 U- Q* X! H) ^/ Y8 j6 v(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 207 \( _3 ?/ r1 l  ?( s) V' c
ng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-
0 T1 E& q' S2 b, H9 P* \terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),
: i$ }$ ~4 }5 V! }desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to
: r% b. q# [! p8 S49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)
* B3 a4 w. t& X7 m/ X$ c7 Q; t! L! Lwas 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-% q  [3 }7 w4 m+ R
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total
) K+ R0 [% D* K8 b! K3 k5 Etestosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),; }& S6 e( C! n1 `& _
and β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than7 Y/ S; C. s  k; H- U0 t
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
9 p$ M+ P& X# _7 C, N4 }stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone5 @) d2 |, Z0 g8 h: Y; `/ N
concentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL4 V& F: _$ |6 M/ @2 x
(prepubertal).' G& s, L0 N9 X5 W$ L$ @$ g' h6 \9 s
The parents were notified about the laboratory
; q' _4 ~7 d9 X, O' X) wresults and were informed that all of the tests were
5 Y2 h" I) a3 g" Rnormal except the testosterone level was high. The$ ?- ?/ c' I: U5 [
follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to3 Y8 p- U4 D+ H" f% S) r
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
  ]8 v* d, O6 C6 ]6 _: h" @/ wever, the family did not return for 4 months.8 v8 t. _3 |/ {7 B9 E3 r# H
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
( J  y) k7 q! m/ e9 `child had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained( Z4 C& O5 `6 Q' g
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained- l2 t3 \3 }; C; H; e
unchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-, T! [+ G0 ]' `; `0 E: ]
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
- }! F8 x* f( k' W+ ^the base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
  L1 _$ u, m/ J; }& Q. QmL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.
- L! |: ?. Y4 q. Q  g7 i, S, BThe mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
  P6 Z$ j$ R% t+ R, X! u5 Qing frequent erections.
% @8 N  ^) w! K2 A) ~" L& W% B: B8 yBoth parents were again questioned about use of% X- d5 u! g% c7 t# t2 H+ n
any ointment/creams that they may have applied to, s! X) y3 w. |$ i4 o
the child’s skin. This time the father admitted the  n- a" r' V7 @1 j/ ~, p
Topical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 541$ f$ k$ I8 V0 Z  G
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-
  s) h3 b% R2 Zing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for+ Y5 I8 H9 o1 k4 J
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed" l, g% H- R) H4 b: c! F
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-! {& \9 U# ]& P4 q% E( g) F
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido
9 \* X: D) C" d7 K, l& \. V  Ksecondary to depression.
+ m% A& E# J9 t, u- \The child slept in the same bed with parents.
1 C) @6 o% f2 ~The father would hug the baby and hold him on his
' g2 p4 Q( @! u, A& k+ vchest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
0 @$ `4 P% S( O1 f+ d  Knificant bare skin contact between baby and father.: \3 j/ K3 @( t3 \+ @) S  s% b  J
The father also admitted that after the phone call,
/ x. q  `* Q& c. I/ ?when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
" z( j7 t$ j  ^5 h; [! J, m5 X4 dwas high, he then read the product information: K8 {" q2 L( B5 Y7 K4 ?3 g
packet and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
' z; r0 l9 ^5 w/ Tson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they, n! ?* q$ Y, \3 o3 G$ Z& o9 W& j
decided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the! d: d" P* W7 T2 R- w3 R
father was not hugging him with bare skin and had8 H; [- R* B  d. D& s& D" X
been using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone3 ^! i, _1 V' t1 K( d9 h
test was ordered, but the family did not go to the( G# a% D# f: b: e
laboratory to obtain the test.
2 K7 `' ?1 |( B# Q, ADiscussion
. Y' C3 @# K6 D5 W! VPrecocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary+ f7 ]8 a1 s2 F
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
, p; k6 a- h, dPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when* `7 o: }* q1 z, ?- K2 Z+ B
it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
! {8 \  Z1 m5 d  L/ {6 c& Bthalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
6 |, n+ Y- g: Dmon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP) ~- s6 O$ V7 C% m2 a+ r8 j
may have a central nervous system lesion that is
) r' ?1 s8 G& Mresponsible for the early activation of the hypothal-
& l" U$ L" P; K: {3 L( zamic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-
! Y( a" o) M# `7 {  _% z1 @# Qsis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
5 T& k6 o+ o- Y/ r8 Fboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-
4 K1 t: h8 F8 y- Q; r/ l4 g( gization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-+ |$ ]) t/ R4 N) W
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by4 a7 X4 t( t; e0 o5 o3 S
gonadotropins.1,3
2 T; N' j8 _  `9 `2 g4 zGonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-2 G# u( }+ a5 R7 V8 F/ _+ H
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate$ w7 @1 C% i6 P( ]' k$ b$ m  i
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or
+ }! B& j5 l, c2 H" L+ m$ ^+ texogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
; |+ o) y: i* p$ t# t: Xulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing* A4 m8 U8 H& W1 d2 R5 e/ D5 A
congenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive
% S6 Y- ~$ G$ l/ Tadrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
( L4 D# P4 {/ E2 M2 K' cpuberty in boys.3,43 h' M8 w# o- w) o8 g
The most common form of congenital adrenal
3 T" S5 i* Y& ]; D# E: K. lhyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.
3 _& t$ O+ s% C7 O/ |2 sThe 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
9 r* L. m: ~/ d5 c% o' ?' Xexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
2 \/ \4 U5 Q* Z$ M) t7 W; {an adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
4 p3 O* [; J, F5 m8 Y9 C0 q: a( I+ Jexcess.1,3
$ [  I. U" b& {) O+ ^at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
3 C0 m5 c/ H5 n, D6 m0 ]; W542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007- t' u1 J2 N7 k/ ]
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-
4 L* o$ t: @# E# g* Bindependent precocious puberty, which is also known8 I7 q. `, ~4 j( G1 q4 m
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a" {0 ~: w# \: o9 A% n% S' h* X
very young age. The physical findings in these boys/ u/ W( O# M9 D- Y; l
with this disorder are full pubertal development,8 Z7 Z2 S* U" j, j& G4 i6 V. o
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys6 {! f+ K; s3 j; U
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder
; @! l8 R9 P% M( Y  j  Care suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show6 ~4 V+ w9 b! G* x: u2 l( ?& P
pubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-" r) \+ _% B1 e) [6 s. e1 n* }
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked
- U. j: b# b6 a3 ^/ ~2 k! gautosomal dominant disorder that affects only
9 c. U1 \8 {- h" W9 i2 r( N, Hmales; therefore, other male members of the family
+ H, K) z- Z$ l8 Rmay have similar precocious puberty.3
* r' e- K( e# CIn our patient, physical examination was incon-% {/ B" Z& H3 d6 c# ?& `# N3 ~* m
sistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-! T% S2 N5 H* C) b, K  {; C
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis, Y& R8 o  P$ K1 z3 t0 n1 v
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
) M3 ~/ N: Y; ustarted puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,
0 v1 O8 ^6 n# S1 W$ u- Atesticular enlargement is not that evident in the
4 J: W/ n, D5 m8 x7 ^/ p/ Vbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-/ Z; l+ R, f4 n  X2 w
ative initial history of androgen exposure, our
+ }6 [8 a6 p6 C3 F! e0 z* W. l- Kbiggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
8 A1 a$ o9 ^* z% j: `either 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase4 n$ f$ L  L. s& ]7 @* Z
deficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-
2 X& w7 ]+ h7 ^, G3 Qing the normal level of adrenal steroids., S+ S& c! d7 V7 D% H
The diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
4 h: ?4 `; b& Q% Rsuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
" p* e$ m' S3 @the physical examination revealed the complete disap-
0 t0 C9 b1 \  g+ ~3 X7 X" vpearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and% F1 H+ P. V+ n3 A
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-
$ v( l" B" ^7 C+ Eterone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was- f0 d( A# ]1 K8 A' N6 x
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’: _6 r" V) n* L  s; Z
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or8 v6 x5 d. y9 l/ z8 |6 E% d
cream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to( W) ^$ j* ]- N4 j( O/ f; y6 |
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
. O' F. U6 U. \/ S( h, CSerum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the
8 r8 t8 O% `# D! xbaseline value in those females who were exposed to/ Z/ g  K, [7 Y
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male, Z* C5 B* {# n' _/ Q9 {$ U
partners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-. h! j8 U" b* N* t: U& e  s
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 l# h9 X  ^' }% _3 y" gOur patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
' X" I$ Z( j3 }% Fwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that  L" f6 f! ?3 M) E% F, g2 c8 ]# m! Y3 [; K
dermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-
+ e, d$ u" K2 I5 R: A0 U/ Uterone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more
$ u8 q: X& r6 q2 n" p  ]( F6 bactive in young children exposed to testosterone
4 c; h8 d' `# E' t1 g; z- k" P/ Lexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-1 K7 P; J& D# A6 A5 W4 Y: S
drotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
( j& K* t, w' V- G' f5 T& U9 jvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
/ Q# O# n. |' _; v# Mchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and0 |! ?# Y( Y7 x7 X
advanced bone age, as seen in our patient./ a. g8 y* Q2 I' }7 B% V
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
( W& T% T) z8 c7 m4 Bearly childhood on pubertal development and final
7 g% j0 Q* A+ i+ padult height are not fully known and always remain9 X4 z1 Y8 I% Q6 L% a# p& \
a concern. Children treated with short-term testos-' L( e8 z6 O( [
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some% y/ ^2 S9 H2 ~0 K/ s6 k# P+ s
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after
! Q  f/ {' f. }/ ycessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation
" r( W& _  l9 a' X3 p3 F8 idecelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,94 C# w! P, Q! G* M1 U% T4 l% k% Q
There are conflicting reports and controversy
( G' [+ h" Q) p; s9 Sover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult
* q, b( f7 F5 O5 s6 Bpenile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal/ O, E7 e- [! h* V4 n! @
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-9 m: S! O3 ]( l: W4 N! M/ [; u
ulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,6 \, M+ {$ b" d. h7 E# m) x
Sutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between' F3 z/ b; B! Z$ m
childhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult2 `  P% P+ r, v! s  G# s9 M4 R9 Z( h
penile length in clinical studies.
2 O1 Z; ~! t2 ?3 u1 e& s- b* H4 d* pNonetheless, we do not believe our patient is
+ E4 O6 ]( V8 n0 A/ o$ r- sgoing to experience any of the untoward effects from
  M5 u7 B" i" M0 ]* c; }testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because+ p/ \# w+ g  g' g" A8 q
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
+ T# V8 F  N* V2 ]Although the bone age was advanced at the time of2 c4 h1 z" D4 r) b) C- {0 k$ H
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at
* X, a% c. F3 `8 s0 |* ~" _$ m+ othe follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult$ o1 q3 A/ F% N( Q% ?: s
height will not be affected." o* q3 h7 E0 g1 ?# r
Although rarely reported, the widespread avail-
. j) c3 s! E2 c- Z6 c  Iability of androgen products in our society may
2 Z% D$ g2 W  s* m7 yindeed cause more virilization in male or female2 Q1 J' N# V2 ^
children than one would realize. Exposure to andro-' f' a  P6 o6 d2 O* f; i1 I
gen products must be considered and specific ques-. S/ K* r4 F* t+ O8 s. c
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or! R- o/ ~2 y- X. f
gel should be asked of the family members during4 K, `6 a% a! D3 f# ~/ Q
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
( q+ U9 x/ j% A) x6 k: K5 Q* D( Oilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-
$ @$ X2 O1 K) Q6 {& ~; S+ c$ `nosis can be established by just a few tests and by
" x2 ]! y, V- S" N/ Eappropriate history. The inability to obtain such a; F: C5 v7 |4 C6 w; W  c/ A
history, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
' Q+ O) k# _/ ]6 _. n" aresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
1 w' m% s# j; ~1 |4 O9 o% Y- linvestigation. The primary care physician should be
4 o5 K% P$ i  @# l& R1 a* \% Maware of this fact, because most of these children
! W( H. U+ ^. d+ O( v$ w& A! Rmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’( s1 s+ |4 C9 q; y2 q9 ^/ |& i
Desk Reference and package insert should also put a9 A+ ?2 R3 C0 B, q: k
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or- F: a( S% Q" Q& w" i# v! [, h
female child who might come in contact with some-- L5 q, [% j* _4 A
one using any of these products.7 q5 \# q1 \/ t. w
References
% {) k) n% a4 V; }; _* X1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
3 o: X' s+ M3 H+ c! ^and puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric% v+ T6 k# O$ b' h! T, w, \5 W
Endocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;1 p7 Q; z6 }) R+ p( S& K: g: D
2002: 565-628.; Q0 z9 K% [) m* t" u
2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
, s9 ^  c( s6 u1 `puberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-4 03:27:02 | 顯示全部樓層
Sexual Precocity in a 16-Month-Old. T% k7 q; A4 H# A$ Z: h& \
Boy Induced by Indirect Topical
1 G$ E9 P6 f6 @6 r& QExposure to Testosterone
: F- S, {$ b0 {Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,1 Tracy Ricke, MD,2) f( w1 u/ T* x$ D$ C2 m1 X
and Kenneth R. Rettig, MD1$ r3 t7 i; L, `2 b! i3 _
Clinical Pediatrics3 f1 }$ S$ r) q& q4 D/ F: }# J
Volume 46 Number 66 b- J' r( F6 R1 y* `
July 2007 540-543/ T4 A& c* z/ i  Q& K' L0 a  l5 b/ D
© 2007 Sage Publications  c* b  P1 J( E) G* Z+ w
10.1177/0009922806296651
" e$ K5 k/ X: [/ K  k: l/ O( dhttp://clp.sagepub.com9 j$ r0 g4 u# k5 @. r3 D
hosted at
/ r9 t( u. |1 {http://online.sagepub.com7 Q! @" l- a; r
Precocious puberty in boys, central or peripheral,# z8 Y; g) V! Y2 y4 u
is a significant concern for physicians. Central
' m* m  B: V, m0 w! S8 iprecocious puberty (CPP), which is mediated
, r# ]6 v/ p& P6 i) u& k4 Xthrough the hypothalamic pituitary gonadal axis, has, D! F3 [1 n( C6 k5 r1 ^8 S' x
a higher incidence of organic central nervous system" I; c$ Z8 R! {" p! Y) K3 V0 M% h
lesions in boys.1,2 Virilization in boys, as manifested
  g8 ^5 M  E/ x, xby enlargement of the penis, development of pubic) B$ [. Q8 I+ o- M' N$ t4 t
hair, and facial acne without enlargement of testi-* {) \$ \6 k# L7 p8 Q  K; @
cles, suggests peripheral or pseudopuberty.1-3 We, p. T3 d" X+ H. ^
report a 16-month-old boy who presented with the
* B+ q* ]3 i9 K8 m, `4 X4 K% lenlargement of the phallus and pubic hair develop-$ `& ~5 u3 M/ ^9 ?& L) b
ment without testicular enlargement, which was due
. M4 m6 K2 q, }; {* [2 C7 j5 Vto the unintentional exposure to androgen gel used by
4 I& Y1 |5 W' tthe father. The family initially concealed this infor-) O7 S* k6 k" i7 H2 j+ @
mation, resulting in an extensive work-up for this
3 @5 U& _( l1 lchild. Given the widespread and easy availability of
, ~2 l& Q1 m9 Jtestosterone gel and cream, we believe this is proba-2 o, l* i9 ~$ @9 Y- w2 z
bly more common than the rare case report in the5 G. B+ R6 `# z/ U7 X
literature.4
+ W& [- }. j7 A" XPatient Report
1 G) m$ r9 c( E9 Y+ s# I! ZA 16-month-old white child was referred to the6 ~7 \. g: P5 f/ @1 G' p) `
endocrine clinic by his pediatrician with the concern
- O# Y& k- Z) B- \  G1 Iof early sexual development. His mother noticed. }' L- |- R6 l
light colored pubic hair development when he was
& l. @( Q9 O5 r& x; _( vFrom the 1Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, 2University of! Z2 V6 d0 j3 L: d' ]/ Y/ B
South Alabama Medical Center, Mobile, Alabama.
8 P* v" e; B: r& xAddress correspondence to: Samar K. Bhowmick, MD, FACE,
( h' _% ?9 \9 Q" zProfessor of Pediatrics, University of South Alabama, College of
! k+ E) Z: M4 C! _# [Medicine, 2451 Fillingim St. Mastin 212, Mobile, AL 36617-2297;4 _5 X' p+ F; `+ G, o
e-mail: [email protected].
* y  U5 l5 w* T/ wabout 6 to 7 months old, which progressively became
9 N& u# [$ o" b5 h! n: W5 P5 r5 ^" I9 Cdarker. She was also concerned about the enlarge-% Z9 n6 m+ J$ ~
ment of his penis and frequent erections. The child5 C( G* V2 U4 `4 J$ f+ A: J
was the product of a full-term normal delivery, with
( ^+ g5 b& f3 C* B( g9 c1 U0 |; aa birth weight of 7 lb 14 oz, and birth length of" V: e6 A. F" H7 a) r
20 inches. He was breast-fed throughout the first year
, [; X% w& `: h  z6 vof life and was still receiving breast milk along with, Z9 K5 {4 _8 s% p# ^
solid food. He had no hospitalizations or surgery,
- w- X- [/ V* p2 _, A/ {and his psychosocial and psychomotor development
( y4 ~8 r; H9 K: K  |8 iwas age appropriate.
( m. V# b& G$ P" g3 ]; E$ FThe family history was remarkable for the father,
* S# h9 \  s  U% ^: Q; v; xwho was diagnosed with hypothyroidism at age 16,# Y, [9 o5 ]4 R5 [1 v
which was treated with thyroxine. The father’s
: T& `5 H' p6 I* S( n! xheight was 6 feet, and he went through a somewhat8 Y# m4 z- x$ e2 M: T
early puberty and had stopped growing by age 14.7 T+ q/ {9 {: @
The father denied taking any other medication. The
! e3 q7 `+ ?& Y- jchild’s mother was in good health. Her menarche: ~6 E8 ~( J" W- ]8 J' \
was at 11 years of age, and her height was at 5 feet
& a  h5 [. E/ J5 inches. There was no other family history of pre-) D$ V% Y3 X9 q6 z0 A2 C; N
cocious sexual development in the first-degree rela-- e3 z/ s1 b7 R0 ]& B; H- N- k
tives. There were no siblings.
5 G$ V# l  C- @! a4 D# W3 tPhysical Examination
# R4 A: r. ~. ?The physical examination revealed a very active,1 p# O$ Q$ [0 j* P
playful, and healthy boy. The vital signs documented
+ D- n5 X6 u$ B; k/ Oa blood pressure of 85/50 mm Hg, his length was
3 b4 D+ t* `6 o' n  Z' d& B0 P90 cm (>97th percentile), and his weight was 14.4 kg
8 I0 k/ o9 e% s: x9 n1 x+ u9 [4 m' N(also >97th percentile). The observed yearly growth0 Y' @1 a( o) `+ b* V1 H  P
velocity was 30 cm (12 inches). The examination of' U3 F2 |4 N, B, P* k
the neck revealed no thyroid enlargement.: N  m* N8 t- }- B4 ^( q/ |
The genitourinary examination was remarkable for! G$ n  W+ B% O% q
enlargement of the penis, with a stretched length of
7 D) a6 R' s0 m( ~/ h. S: l8 cm and a width of 2 cm. The glans penis was very well# c+ b5 C8 j: S3 \: {  D
developed. The pubic hair was Tanner II, mostly around
) }+ d. ^0 R0 s  F540
+ U) ^+ S5 l0 [6 k! H3 V' aat University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from. J8 D7 B; i# C4 i
the base of the phallus and was dark and curled. The
; @3 ~* r) c  |testicular volume was prepubertal at 2 mL each.
' y% M9 J  W; n, x" kThe skin was moist and smooth and somewhat% I% D$ h* E; f0 J( o
oily. No axillary hair was noted. There were no1 }) O3 W6 Y7 t7 a
abnormal skin pigmentations or café-au-lait spots.% w! G. ~8 E7 }+ Z) C, W
Neurologic evaluation showed deep tendon reflex 2+0 P7 w, u( H. F# c- _  {( A+ P
bilateral and symmetrical. There was no suggestion
" _1 `6 J" j% L- xof papilledema.& d  X0 ^# @. l6 f0 h. v' L2 U
Laboratory Evaluation" w+ ^; C+ `; `( ^1 h2 B! V
The bone age was consistent with 28 months by
) [" ]8 f$ _" f# m8 m7 musing the standard of Greulich and Pyle at a chrono-7 l$ ?- T# S) Q6 w- P4 ^! [
logic age of 16 months (advanced).5 Chromosomal8 C; j0 w) A5 O4 r: k
karyotype was 46XY. The thyroid function test
. c2 C9 x# _5 E& Pshowed a free T4 of 1.69 ng/dL, and thyroid stimu-% ?/ L9 ]5 X& ~5 H
lating hormone level was 1.3 µIU/mL (both normal).- C/ m/ X# s5 S8 `
The concentrations of serum electrolytes, blood6 o, ~/ M( a, }; k1 i
urea nitrogen, creatinine, and calcium all were0 V9 r: I7 F: a- y
within normal range for his age. The concentration
9 L, ]3 K/ ?7 N8 H' U- E4 Eof serum 17-hydroxyprogesterone was 16 ng/dL
" o$ S/ B  E$ ^$ Y0 y' o* Q% G(normal, 3 to 90 ng/dL), androstenedione was 20
  a& s( Z9 q  V# wng/dL (normal, 18 to 80 ng/dL), dehydroepiandros-' a1 U+ J* ]# A6 \5 n% ?
terone was 38 ng/dL (normal, 50 to 760 ng/dL),) y$ d  i" n# _& s
desoxycorticosterone was 4.3 ng/dL (normal, 7 to7 E; k8 r; P" N( \1 x0 [5 d4 |$ h4 G
49ng/dL), 11-desoxycortisol (specific compound S)$ ^" B# d. V8 H3 g& c( k. ~% g; o
was 43 ng/dL (normal, 10 to 156 ng/dL), serum cor-1 h5 K% f$ k2 O; P2 O. M- J
tisol was 7.6 µg/dL (normal, 2.8 to 23 µg/dL), total4 Q0 x( |0 f; p5 r  G+ |5 z
testosterone was 60 ng/dL (normal <3 to 10 ng/dL),
8 r: J7 L$ C: Mand β-human chorionic gonadotropin was less than: Z( W  B, p! e3 }; ~
5 mIU/mL (normal <5 mIU/mL). Serum follicular
& T! E& j, i$ ^stimulating hormone and leuteinizing hormone
3 `" G: J8 r" [6 c( Uconcentrations were less than 0.05 mIU/mL7 s2 I* A: d6 K6 x, e1 W" }
(prepubertal).
7 N6 x, c2 R2 V' O3 W/ IThe parents were notified about the laboratory" w( m3 j6 a# t/ W; s+ J. A9 u( m
results and were informed that all of the tests were
$ T+ ?* N( G! }/ v8 \  k6 h: ?normal except the testosterone level was high. The
6 c( a. m) [' ~* B/ M4 m6 u2 @follow-up visit was arranged within a few weeks to+ \3 c8 F& y$ D  y% I
obtain testicular and abdominal sonograms; how-
( S$ ~( _) ?* c* r. x3 k- k& kever, the family did not return for 4 months.+ y" ]. q- r/ ]; E- K* R) H: J) r; [
Physical examination at this time revealed that the
: A: |8 `7 b. Y( Xchild had grown 2.5 cm in 4 months and had gained% w; r  {. D* k
2 kg of weight. Physical examination remained
+ h- L2 ]6 s! funchanged. Surprisingly, the pubic hair almost com-8 V0 t8 F5 f9 h; k  Q3 S
pletely disappeared except for a few vellous hairs at
8 e4 V# W6 d9 y5 J6 J( O2 _* e& Zthe base of the phallus. Testicular volume was still 2
3 ]( h. l3 G4 ?) e& R; ImL, and the size of the penis remained unchanged.+ Y; T( k  P# i+ S
The mother also said that the boy was no longer hav-
& `0 |; D+ O4 }: L# |8 V" X4 R5 Q: Ging frequent erections.% [1 C& ]* a8 ]4 T+ P
Both parents were again questioned about use of
% R$ X4 I* Q- Xany ointment/creams that they may have applied to
0 F# k: P! h  J) X( }) Dthe child’s skin. This time the father admitted the
- t& d7 B  N/ C; pTopical Testosterone Exposure / Bhowmick et al 5418 @5 V5 c3 y. g! C9 O
use of testosterone gel twice daily that he was apply-) N, z4 D* \, ]( d( k/ E
ing over his own shoulders, chest, and back area for* S) S( D& q7 s5 i3 ]7 ?, l. g7 m1 n
a year. The father also revealed he was embarrassed$ L& Q3 f$ C/ A3 [& h8 v
to disclose that he was using a testosterone gel pre-7 `! e- o! ^( `/ w% e$ O4 f' h* ^2 f! z
scribed by his family physician for decreased libido6 S; a1 K' `/ }6 w9 S4 i
secondary to depression.
4 p4 H/ h4 t0 l/ |The child slept in the same bed with parents.& v5 h0 R! f- a7 K/ h  T. u9 j, w
The father would hug the baby and hold him on his- \, A/ x$ x% {! d* h
chest for a considerable period of time, causing sig-
+ b" w- J# B8 T8 K& `nificant bare skin contact between baby and father./ o" N# Y, N8 I" h) H
The father also admitted that after the phone call,7 h5 R/ @6 X7 a3 w9 o
when he learned the testosterone level in the baby
, _/ ]# |! t( j: lwas high, he then read the product information
6 G6 S! e6 `9 a* k3 M+ I% Hpacket and concluded that it was most likely the rea-
! n  o) x' X6 Z6 Pson for the child’s virilization. At that time, they
$ s1 t( J9 @1 _' {! r! j+ adecided to put the baby in a separate bed, and the
5 s2 t& ]; J# Y- t0 @father was not hugging him with bare skin and had
2 q6 I4 K( a5 B% v- ~! Obeen using protective clothing. A repeat testosterone
& K7 e' u1 r( H7 Y4 u9 @test was ordered, but the family did not go to the& x2 `9 z1 q# X9 [$ p( x6 t
laboratory to obtain the test.: j7 R* Y$ E$ W( i% y+ b5 D
Discussion
- e' j6 {, r* H0 C5 l+ u/ ?9 Q: `Precocious puberty in boys is defined as secondary" w1 _' k: C5 U% ?& v. g
sexual development before 9 years of age.1,4
" n+ O" _9 `: [, ]1 S: r, _9 UPrecocious puberty is termed as central (true) when
/ K# A8 ?1 ]9 I# G$ E6 N: ~it is caused by the premature activation of hypo-
  \9 ?7 X1 U- J8 u5 f3 W# P4 e" [thalamic pituitary gonadal axis. CPP is more com-
% O' C, Q0 _6 _, Q5 @mon in girls than in boys.1,3 Most boys with CPP
& G- _" P: P3 n7 Amay have a central nervous system lesion that is3 k  W! u2 e- p: b" |; e2 k6 c5 I. G
responsible for the early activation of the hypothal-6 c( ^: W% n$ R$ i! t
amic pituitary gonadal axis.1-3 Thus, greater empha-% O, S1 `$ n' b' R6 e$ {7 \
sis has been given to neuroradiologic imaging in
8 Z4 M$ f2 R- ^" g( E" j: mboys with precocious puberty. In addition to viril-# }$ v0 \4 U  W7 r3 C1 I
ization, the clinical hallmark of CPP is the symmet-" p8 g8 k9 }  t3 e+ C" a
rical testicular growth secondary to stimulation by
, X: H' g! S6 {* e6 f, egonadotropins.1,3- x5 N- b9 r) r& O
Gonadotropin-independent peripheral preco-+ y: g9 K! b* e/ r- _
cious puberty in boys also results from inappropriate& i' }$ y' B" l) h- G
androgenic stimulation from either endogenous or' X* Q1 C% Y2 T' V& |: |
exogenous sources, nonpituitary gonadotropin stim-
2 S- @. Z: _4 G* ~4 Hulation, and rare activating mutations.3 Virilizing
- D+ i! r6 z% R" j" X9 S% H( Mcongenital adrenal hyperplasia producing excessive: \3 x! X( u7 F+ h; Y4 K
adrenal androgens is a common cause of precocious
3 f: @" K" ^" @5 F+ t2 y2 T) gpuberty in boys.3,4
, L0 _4 ~' G' ~/ F& E/ ]' mThe most common form of congenital adrenal- b9 a  E# L3 O
hyperplasia is the 21-hydroxylase enzyme deficiency.$ j( p! z/ r. |
The 11-β hydroxylase deficiency may also result in
2 ~$ @* Z  P% P4 K; }1 ?8 dexcessive adrenal androgen production, and rarely,
" q1 y0 q9 w) M9 E) Uan adrenal tumor may also cause adrenal androgen
& w- d+ k6 ?2 z- c. J/ c2 w; P8 Cexcess.1,3
6 k$ y& I" S# U# L0 @at University of Manchester Library on May 25, 2015 cpj.sagepub.com Downloaded from
9 E, ?; |& c' e5 k8 S& j- e) _542 Clinical Pediatrics / Vol. 46, No. 6, July 2007: ]" S  R( g8 b% _% i
A unique entity of male-limited gonadotropin-8 R6 E+ H+ N. d5 H! K
independent precocious puberty, which is also known5 ]' N! |4 O0 |' q! x  Y9 s( k) a
as testotoxicosis, may cause precocious puberty at a; E8 {3 _$ N$ ?; ?! k
very young age. The physical findings in these boys
, r# ~" i: ~1 b3 c6 ~( I1 pwith this disorder are full pubertal development,3 V* f' y) d9 F5 E% u
including bilateral testicular growth, similar to boys. b; O3 D/ u/ i
with CPP. The gonadotropin levels in this disorder. p' v# H, J& u2 f' X
are suppressed to prepubertal levels and do not show
% W* c! a! b- v3 e  x; `$ zpubertal response of gonadotropin after gonadotropin-6 r" u7 ~; G: D( k' J9 K
releasing hormone stimulation. This is a sex-linked* N/ y' T& I# _/ O
autosomal dominant disorder that affects only
- h9 }$ Q& F7 q, W  \! g- emales; therefore, other male members of the family
% j5 i% d0 G- I, X1 Fmay have similar precocious puberty.3
$ |$ K2 ^3 K9 Q9 aIn our patient, physical examination was incon-
# B4 I: G( g; T- e2 H/ d. M8 p- gsistent with true precocious puberty since his testi-& b6 P2 T+ r2 {2 p$ n) m
cles were prepubertal in size. However, testotoxicosis2 H. l2 b7 {% p5 p: e3 d8 Q
was in the differential diagnosis because his father
, o. }8 E2 D9 J5 u1 ?started puberty somewhat early, and occasionally,' c8 f. E  B' ]  n0 n
testicular enlargement is not that evident in the
1 f" E+ j$ g; |5 e9 N" jbeginning of this process.1 In the absence of a neg-
) I! O2 g) W3 u$ X2 f, S/ j" [ative initial history of androgen exposure, our2 z; [  P. T- p
biggest concern was virilizing adrenal hyperplasia,
( l8 g. h1 j5 t! }/ p9 ceither 21-hydroxylase deficiency or 11-β hydroxylase
+ h$ R# G9 b7 U% {$ P. wdeficiency. Those diagnoses were excluded by find-2 f* a* L! T/ ^; d# h3 c& c
ing the normal level of adrenal steroids.
/ U; Z1 R$ ], H7 N" ]' WThe diagnosis of exogenous androgens was strongly
% L; c. E! ~3 S  _% f2 y6 E' Osuspected in a follow-up visit after 4 months because
0 Q1 j' J% B# I5 Vthe physical examination revealed the complete disap-
# {2 _: A( Y7 ^0 [4 d4 `0 F: |pearance of pubic hair, normal growth velocity, and4 `" }  {# k8 X$ d/ w
decreased erections. The father admitted using a testos-  W5 i8 p' I  Y) s
terone gel, which he concealed at first visit. He was! }+ T* u- ]/ ~/ t2 v, B: n
using it rather frequently, twice a day. The Physicians’* i, E5 A3 L  y$ E
Desk Reference, or package insert of this product, gel or
+ h" Z9 {. u8 K; [0 X" H5 mcream, cautions about dermal testosterone transfer to4 v( a+ ]6 R- O; t
unprotected females through direct skin exposure.
& c& Z# h- [2 |+ ~Serum testosterone level was found to be 2 times the5 p, F8 `+ p# ^8 q8 ^$ p7 h/ L
baseline value in those females who were exposed to* c& j) f4 R. h' O2 O* N
even 15 minutes of direct skin contact with their male
. _9 Y, ?3 F) R( Y* {$ @6 J- zpartners.6 However, when a shirt covered the applica-' k# i6 S9 x- @0 t6 X
tion site, this testosterone transfer was prevented.
2 w5 w# D$ V1 U2 a. y6 n1 |Our patient’s testosterone level was 60 ng/mL,
0 X/ P, a! K6 ]8 O! G/ v1 mwhich was clearly high. Some studies suggest that
6 Q  @* A2 W: ~+ j' cdermal conversion of testosterone to dihydrotestos-: x: a4 A4 r) s: v- m- F
terone, which is a more potent metabolite, is more- h% B: ]. M3 L/ {: ~) |2 M
active in young children exposed to testosterone
6 X4 ^) Y- S7 z1 b. h. V( U& Gexogenously7; however, we did not measure a dihy-
; [1 l' t" e4 K, udrotestosterone level in our patient. In addition to
0 p# X9 [6 Y7 p7 f! gvirilization, exposure to exogenous testosterone in
2 `/ C+ i9 l! H! `% a3 s# C' Jchildren results in an increase in growth velocity and
8 @- h. l# a3 F/ s8 w. Cadvanced bone age, as seen in our patient.% y% M; r/ @$ C
The long-term effect of androgen exposure during
1 w- o' o9 N( c  k/ S0 Oearly childhood on pubertal development and final
& G7 @& Y$ f- _4 v) g" hadult height are not fully known and always remain
5 ~' u$ u+ [  H- x. Z, h$ ua concern. Children treated with short-term testos-! c$ u5 Z. ^6 _2 l9 g
terone injection or topical androgen may exhibit some) {7 u9 T- l( l0 B2 l3 f
acceleration of the skeletal maturation; however, after! S0 d$ Q9 |8 D  Q2 R. X9 n2 }
cessation of treatment, the rate of bone maturation; |) Z$ k3 |: ?
decelerates and gradually returns to normal.8,99 {0 }% _  F$ F8 N. g
There are conflicting reports and controversy
2 J8 |" E8 o5 d: lover the effect of early androgen exposure on adult: m' j6 s4 D1 M# w9 A
penile length.10,11 Some reports suggest subnormal' l3 P3 @3 z% ?5 J' m
adult penile length, apparently because of downreg-
4 \! C3 s3 E7 lulation of androgen receptor number.10,12 However,
4 |$ q/ a7 r2 i9 g" kSutherland et al13 did not find a correlation between
' L! @9 }# |0 C8 Lchildhood testosterone exposure and reduced adult4 T* ^+ j5 C! |5 P
penile length in clinical studies." C  A* g0 B: r- W- i# ^) L9 A
Nonetheless, we do not believe our patient is0 R9 f- O/ k) Q
going to experience any of the untoward effects from
& h( ?4 i8 l6 }5 I/ |- F% L. ~testosterone exposure as mentioned earlier because5 l( ~5 c1 e* R0 G' P1 P
the exposure was not for a prolonged period of time.
1 L  }: {1 i' j8 e  e& D1 p3 `2 J/ hAlthough the bone age was advanced at the time of* T& t  W/ ^1 {% M# k# I; s7 ]
diagnosis, the child had a normal growth velocity at* l* R: s! d2 w3 Q$ p- N' F
the follow-up visit. It is hoped that his final adult  N( j4 V1 ~& @- O' f
height will not be affected.
, `0 e. C7 v8 `7 M. X' IAlthough rarely reported, the widespread avail-; f! G+ o0 g1 r; z- K% o
ability of androgen products in our society may
" g- i9 }* U4 k  windeed cause more virilization in male or female
2 I1 t+ i* ?) fchildren than one would realize. Exposure to andro-. S; Q) b* l' G8 ^: S
gen products must be considered and specific ques-9 S* k; @4 y" h, m4 O
tioning about the use of a testosterone product or
* U6 y8 d5 C# ~2 lgel should be asked of the family members during8 X9 N/ m. ?5 ]: K0 A% [
the evaluation of any children who present with vir-
4 j$ _! y9 }2 j) h2 uilization or peripheral precocious puberty. The diag-7 q" b/ f9 T9 @& V# L. o
nosis can be established by just a few tests and by/ ]3 m9 b7 p- n' V
appropriate history. The inability to obtain such a
* |: w6 h" T( m/ ~. xhistory, or failure to ask the specific questions, may
, a: f3 K4 a' C2 g: N# ?0 W; p% Mresult in extensive, unnecessary, and expensive
* D+ x% S  s' L& x( X+ Ainvestigation. The primary care physician should be, D  ?  x' G$ M8 |. f
aware of this fact, because most of these children
! ^1 H3 ?) g+ x& gmay initially present in their practice. The Physicians’
* J6 g5 `+ a+ z6 T3 eDesk Reference and package insert should also put a& T0 [2 b( H: g0 T+ T" f
warning about the virilizing effect on a male or
. S7 a5 o6 R; ffemale child who might come in contact with some-
) q  _7 W1 |) e1 v0 oone using any of these products.
7 v! \. }. j( r" \3 x- i/ s: z% LReferences! ~" f( X  L: t  V
1. Styne DM. The testes: disorder of sexual differentiation
6 N9 h2 _1 c3 b/ U* t/ I+ {' oand puberty in the male. In: Sperling MA, ed. Pediatric
0 v8 T! ?! L3 m& k, J, oEndocrinology. 2nd ed. Philadelphia, PA: WB Saunders;0 ~5 b- B+ F, V* [
2002: 565-628.
) ^8 |5 q4 c# R2 x2. Rivarola M, Belgorosky A, Mendilaharzu H, et al. Precocious
8 b. o+ A5 n8 T6 F8 Jpuberty in children with tumours of the suprasellar pineal
發表於 2025-1-11 22:18:01 | 顯示全部樓層
女厕偷拍辅导班主任尿尿老师的逼很嫩还有一点
發表於 2025-1-17 16:31:39 | 顯示全部樓層
4个什么样的?
發表於 2025-1-19 02:41:05 | 顯示全部樓層
5 R* m0 l  e; D1 t# ?% b
精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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精妙絕倫的精品,感謝啊!期待你更多更好的創作哦!
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